Also known as: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function over months to years. In early stages it has few symptoms, but advanced CKD leads to dangerous fluid, electrolyte, and waste buildup.
CKD affects approximately 10% of the global population — over 800 million people. Diabetes and hypertension account for two-thirds of cases.
CKD is staged 1-5 based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Stages 1-3 are often asymptomatic and detected only through blood and urine tests. By stage 5 (GFR <15), dialysis or transplantation is needed.
Early detection and treatment of diabetes and hypertension can prevent or significantly slow CKD progression. SGLT2 inhibitors have recently been shown to provide kidney protection beyond glucose control.
People with Chronic Kidney Disease often experience the following symptoms.
Stages 1-3 typically have no symptoms. Detected through elevated creatinine, reduced GFR, or proteinuria.
Swelling in legs, ankles, and around the eyes from the kidneys' inability to regulate fluid.
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, metallic taste, and confusion from waste buildup in advanced disease.
Reduced erythropoietin production causes fatigue, pallor, and reduced exercise tolerance.
Certain factors may increase your likelihood of developing Chronic Kidney Disease.
Common approaches to managing chronic kidney disease. Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized treatment.
ACE inhibitors or ARBs are first-line, targeting <130/80. Protect the kidneys by reducing proteinuria.
Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin slow CKD progression regardless of diabetes status.
Tight glucose control reduces risk and progression of diabetic kidney disease.
Dialysis (haemodialysis or peritoneal) for stage 5. Kidney transplant offers best outcomes and quality of life.
Blood tests: serum creatinine and estimated GFR. Urine tests: albumin-to-creatinine ratio for proteinuria. Kidney ultrasound for structural assessment. Kidney biopsy if cause is unclear.
See a doctor if you have persistent foamy urine, blood in urine, unexplained swelling, persistent fatigue, or decreased urine output, especially with diabetes or hypertension.
Steps that may help reduce the risk of developing or worsening chronic kidney disease.
Control blood pressure and diabetes
SGLT2 inhibitors for those at risk
Regular kidney function monitoring
Avoid nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDs)
If left untreated or poorly managed, chronic kidney disease may lead to:
Early CKD can stabilise or slowly improve with treatment. Advanced damage is irreversible, but progression can be slowed.
Blood tests (creatinine, GFR) and urine tests (albumin) can detect kidney problems before symptoms appear.
No. Many people with CKD never need dialysis, especially with early detection and aggressive management.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.