Also known as: Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Dementia is not a single disease but a general term for a decline in cognitive ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. It encompasses multiple conditions including Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
Dementia affects over 55 million people globally, with nearly 10 million new cases each year. It is one of the major causes of disability and dependency among older adults.
The term 'dementia' describes a set of symptoms rather than a specific disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause (60–80%), followed by vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Mixed dementia (multiple types coexisting) is also common.
While most forms of dementia are progressive and incurable, early diagnosis allows for treatment planning, symptom management, and participation in clinical trials. Some causes of cognitive impairment are reversible (thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies, medication effects).
People with Dementia often experience the following symptoms.
Forgetting recent events, appointments, or conversations while older memories may be preserved initially.
Trouble finding the right words, following conversations, or understanding written material. Speech may become vague or repetitive.
Poor decision-making, difficulty managing finances, inappropriate social behaviour, and trouble with complex tasks.
Apathy, depression, anxiety, agitation, paranoia, or disinhibition that represent a change from the person's baseline personality.
Certain factors may increase your likelihood of developing Dementia.
Common approaches to managing dementia. Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized treatment.
May provide modest symptom improvement in Alzheimer's and some other dementias by boosting chemical messaging in the brain.
Cognitive stimulation therapy, music therapy, reminiscence therapy, and structured activity programmes can improve quality of life.
Identifying triggers for agitation, maintaining consistent routines, and environmental modifications can manage behavioural symptoms.
Education, respite care, support groups, and counselling for caregivers are essential components of comprehensive dementia care.
Comprehensive evaluation includes cognitive testing, medical history, physical examination, blood tests to exclude reversible causes, and brain imaging (MRI, CT). Specialised tests like PET scans or cerebrospinal fluid analysis may help determine the specific type of dementia.
Seek medical evaluation if cognitive changes are noticeable to family members, if forgetfulness is worsening, or if changes in thinking are affecting work, social activities, or daily tasks.
Steps that may help reduce the risk of developing or worsening dementia.
Regular physical exercise
Manage cardiovascular risk factors
Stay socially and cognitively active
Avoid excessive alcohol and smoking
If left untreated or poorly managed, dementia may lead to:
No. Some memory decline is normal with ageing. Dementia involves more significant, progressive cognitive decline that interferes with daily functioning. Reversible causes should always be investigated.
Yes, early-onset dementia can occur before age 65. It accounts for about 9% of cases and may present differently, sometimes with non-memory symptoms first.
Life expectancy varies widely depending on the type, age at diagnosis, and other health conditions. On average, people live 4–8 years after diagnosis, though some live 20 years or more.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.