Also known as: Bipolar Disorder (Bipolar Affective Disorder)
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterised by extreme mood swings including emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). It requires lifelong management.
Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.4% of the global population. It typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and is a lifelong condition.
Bipolar I involves full manic episodes (often requiring hospitalisation). Bipolar II involves hypomanic episodes (less severe mania) with significant depressive episodes. Both significantly impair functioning.
The average delay from symptom onset to correct diagnosis is 5-10 years, often because patients first present with depression and mania is not yet recognised.
People with Bipolar Disorder often experience the following symptoms.
Elevated or irritable mood, decreased sleep need, grandiosity, rapid speech, risky behaviour, lasting at least 7 days.
Profound sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, sleep changes, cognitive impairment, and suicidal ideation.
Simultaneous manic and depressive features — agitation, insomnia, and despair combined.
Difficulties with attention, memory, and executive function that may persist between episodes.
Certain factors may increase your likelihood of developing Bipolar Disorder.
Common approaches to managing bipolar disorder. Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized treatment.
Lithium remains the gold standard. Reduces both manic and depressive episodes and suicide risk.
Valproate, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine as alternatives or adjuncts to lithium.
Quetiapine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole for acute mania and maintenance treatment.
CBT, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and psychoeducation as adjuncts to medication.
Clinical assessment based on history of manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes meeting DSM-5 criteria. Mood charting, collateral history from family, and screening questionnaires (MDQ). Rule out thyroid disease and substance use.
Seek immediate help for severe mania (psychosis, dangerous behaviour), suicidal thoughts during depression, or rapid cycling between episodes.
Steps that may help reduce the risk of developing or worsening bipolar disorder.
Medication adherence (most important)
Regular sleep schedule
Avoid substance use
Early intervention at first mood changes
If left untreated or poorly managed, bipolar disorder may lead to:
No. Bipolar episodes last days to weeks, are much more extreme than normal mood variation, and significantly impair function.
Medication is strongly recommended. Bipolar disorder without treatment has high relapse rates and significant morbidity.
Yes, strongly. First-degree relatives have a 5-10% risk compared to 2.4% general population risk.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.