Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects people of all ages.
Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, making it one of the most common neurological conditions globally. It can begin at any age but most commonly starts in childhood or after age 60.
Seizures are classified as focal (starting in one brain area) or generalised (involving the entire brain). Focal seizures may progress to generalised seizures.
Anti-seizure medications control seizures in approximately 70% of patients. For drug-resistant epilepsy, surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, and dietary therapy are options.
People with Epilepsy often experience the following symptoms.
Loss of consciousness with body stiffening (tonic) followed by rhythmic jerking (clonic). The most recognised seizure type.
Brief staring episodes with loss of awareness, often in children, may be mistaken for daydreaming.
Altered sensations, emotions, or movements while maintaining consciousness. Previously called 'simple partial seizures.'
Confusion, fatigue, headache, and sometimes temporary weakness following a seizure.
Certain factors may increase your likelihood of developing Epilepsy.
Common approaches to managing epilepsy. Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized treatment.
First-line: levetiracetam, lamotrigine, valproate, carbamazepine. Choice depends on seizure type and patient factors.
Resection of the seizure focus for drug-resistant focal epilepsy, offering potential cure in 60-70% of appropriate candidates.
Implanted device delivering electrical pulses to reduce seizure frequency in drug-resistant epilepsy.
High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that can reduce seizures by over 50% in drug-resistant epilepsy, especially in children.
EEG showing epileptiform activity, MRI for structural causes, clinical history of 2+ unprovoked seizures, and video-EEG monitoring for seizure characterisation.
Call emergency services for seizures lasting more than 5 minutes, seizures in water, no recovery of consciousness between seizures, or a first-ever seizure.
Steps that may help reduce the risk of developing or worsening epilepsy.
Take medications consistently
Adequate sleep
Avoid known triggers (flashing lights, alcohol)
Wear medical identification
If left untreated or poorly managed, epilepsy may lead to:
Some childhood epilepsies resolve. Epilepsy surgery can cure focal epilepsy. Many patients require lifelong medication management.
Protect from injury, turn on side, time the seizure, do NOT put anything in their mouth. Call 911 if it lasts over 5 minutes.
Most people with well-controlled epilepsy live full, active lives including work, relationships, and hobbies.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.